{"id":237615,"date":"2026-05-21T15:09:55","date_gmt":"2026-05-21T13:09:55","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.alimentibevande.it\/uncategorized\/reati-alimentari-le-modifiche-al-codice-penale\/"},"modified":"2026-05-21T15:30:06","modified_gmt":"2026-05-21T13:30:06","slug":"food-crimes-amendments-to-the-criminal-code","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.alimentibevande.it\/en\/legislation\/food-crimes-amendments-to-the-criminal-code\/","title":{"rendered":"Food crimes: amendments to the criminal code"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

The recent Law No. 75 of April 21, 2026<\/a><\/strong>, entitled “Sanctioning Provisions for the Protection of Italian Food Products,” also known as the “Lollobrigida Reform,” includes, among its most significant provisions, the repeal of Articles 516 and 517-bis of the Criminal Code (Article 1)<\/strong>. This includes the repeal of two provisions that until now had protected the “authenticity” of foods (Article 516) with increased penalties (Article 517-bis) for foods with a protected designation and\/or composition.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The two repealed articles have actually been replaced by Articles 517-sexies, 517-septies, and 517-octies, which we examine here.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new crime of “food fraud”<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

A new crime is governed by Article 517-sexies:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

“Art. 517-sexies. \u2013 Food Fraud<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Except for the cases referred to in Article 517-septies, anyone who, with the aim of misleading the buyer and profiting therefrom, in the exercise of an agricultural, commercial, industrial, or brokerage activity, imports, exports, ships in transit, places in temporary storage or customs warehouse, transports, offers for sale, distributes, or otherwise puts into circulation, including through remote communication techniques or digital tools on computer networks, food, water, and beverages that he or she knows to be non-genuine or, in terms of origin, provenance, quality, or quantity, substantially different from those indicated, declared, or agreed upon, is punishable, unless the act is considered a more serious offense, by imprisonment from two months to one year and a fine of \u20ac1,000 to \u20ac4,000.
Punishability is excluded when the conduct, due to the quantities or the small economic value of the product, or the absence of actual harm to the consumer or the market, is of minor importance.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

An examination of the text clearly shows that only Article 516 of the Criminal Code has been repealed, and that the conduct described and sanctioned in the new article is summarized as the “placing on the market”\u2014in the most varied forms and ways\u2014of foods characterized by:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \n
  • either the “non-genuineness” of the food product<\/strong>, which is understood to mean a failure to correspond to the “natural” condition of the food substance, or to its “legal” condition of authenticity when the composition of the food is bound by quality parameters established by law (both positive and negative);<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  • or its “difference”<\/strong> (compared to the declared or agreed product) “in origin, provenance, quality, or quantity”: this hypothesis could actually lead us to the criminal offense of “commercial fraud” (Article 515 of the Criminal Code), which at this point, however (due to the “principle of speciality”) should no longer be considered applicable to cases in which the material object of the “fraud” is a food product.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n

    <\/p>\n\n\n\n

    However, we believe it is more correct to consider that Article 515 continues to apply to protect the individual purchaser of a food product who is the victim of a specific episode of “food fraud,” whereas the new crime (Article 517-sexies) protects “consumers in general,” or rather, protects the general interest in fairness in food commerce prior to and independently of the individual transaction.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Indeed, the new offense (Article 517-sexies) is committed with the mere possession of the food for commercial purposes and its placing on the market, or with its simple offering to the public in the various ways described in the legislative text under consideration, even in cases where the product has not yet been delivered to a specific buyer or negotiated to do so.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    If, however, there is also a delivery or an “attempt” to deliver, or a negotiation with a specific buyer, then the violation of Article 515 of the Criminal Code (or its “attempt”) must also be contested.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    In any case, the text of Article 515 remains intact in the following terms:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    “Art. 515. \u2013 Fraud in the Exercise of Commerce<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Whoever, in the exercise of a commercial activity, or in a shop open to the public, delivers to the purchaser a movable good for another, or a movable good, in origin, provenance, quality, or quantity, different from that declared or agreed, shall be punished, unless the act constitutes a more serious crime, by imprisonment of up to two years or a fine of up to twenty thousand lire.
    If the goods in question are valuable, the penalty is imprisonment of up to three years or a fine of not less than one thousand lire.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    It should also be noted, when comparing the two types of crimes, the different levels of punishment for the two offenses, as the crime of “fraud in commerce” is punishable under Article 515 by imprisonment of up to two years or a fine of up to \u20ac2,065.00.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    This penalty was previously increased under Article 517-bis, which, however, has now been repealed and is no longer applicable to the offense under Article 515 of the Criminal Code.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Instead, the new crime under Article 515-sexies is punishable “by imprisonment from two months to one year and a fine from \u20ac1,000 to \u20ac4,000.” This is less severe than the common crime of “fraud in the exercise of commerce” (Article 515), as it provides for a combined penalty of fine and imprisonment, the latter however only for a maximum of one year and not two years as is the case for violations of Article 515.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Moreover, we anticipate that these penalties are increased in the cases provided for by the new Article 518-octies, which we report below.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Article 517-sexies finally concludes by providing for a “special” version of the general cause of non-punishability of the so-called “particular triviality of the act” (Article 131-bis of the Criminal Code) as it also provides the parameters (“the quantities or the small economic value of the product or the absence of actual harm to the consumer or to the market”) in light of which to identify or not the presence of this cause of non-punishability.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    The crime of “false signs” (art. 517-septies) and aggravating circumstances (art. 517-octies)<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

    Let’s now move on to examine Article 517-septies, a provision that, without repealing it, complements the existing Article 517 of the Criminal Code (“sale of industrial products with false markings”), which continues to apply, but only to commercial products other than agri-food products.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    The new Article 517-septies introduces a new and independent criminal provision for all activities, not only commercial, but also advertising and promotional activities in general, which use figurative or literal messages that may be misleading “about the origin, provenance, quality, or quantity of foods or ingredients”:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    “Art. 517-septies \u2013 Food Trade with False Marks<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Whoever, for profit, in the exercise of an agricultural, industrial, commercial, import, export, temporary storage, customs warehouse, or brokerage activity involving food, water, and beverages, uses distinctive signs or indications, even figurative, that he or she knows to be false or misleading, in order to mislead the buyer, including through remote communication techniques or digital tools on computer networks, regarding the origin, provenance, quality, or quantity of the food or ingredients, is punishable by imprisonment for three to eighteen months and a fine of up to \u20ac20,000.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    As in the original version (which survived for commercial products other than agri-food products) of Article 517, the new Article 517-septies also defines a crime punishable by imprisonment and a combined fine, subject to increase pursuant to Article 517-octies in a series of cases, which we report here:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    “Art. 517-octies \u2013 Accessory punishment and aggravating circumstances<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

    In the cases referred to in Articles 517-sexies and 517-septies, the judge, if the offense is particularly serious or in the event of a specific repeat offense, may order the temporary closure, for a period of five days to three months, of the establishment or business where the offense was committed.
    The penalties established in Articles 517-sexies and 517-septies are increased if:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    1) the conduct pertains to the designation of origin or geographical indication of foods or ingredients protected by applicable law;<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    2) the acts are committed using false transport documents or false declarations to the supervisory body;<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    3) the acts are particularly serious due to the quantity of the food involved in the offense;<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    4) the conduct involves foods designated as organic in the absence of the relevant certification.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    If two or more of the circumstances set forth in the second paragraph occur, the penalty is increased by one-third to one-half.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    The penalties established by Articles 517-sexies and 517-septies are increased by one-third to one-half if the conduct envisaged therein, outside the cases referred to in Articles 416 and 416-bis, is carried out through multiple operations and through the establishment of means and continuous organized activities aimed at committing such crimes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    The penalty framework is finally completed with the provision of “further accessory penalties” under the provisions of Article 518.1:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    “Art. 518.1. \u2013 Additional accessory penalties<\/strong> \u2013 Conviction in the case referred to in Article 517-octies, fourth paragraph, or for the crimes referred to in Articles 416 and 416-bis if the conspiracy is aimed at committing the crimes set forth in Chapter II-bis of this Title, entails the application of the accessory penalty set forth in Article 30 and a ban, for the duration indicated in the same Article 30, from obtaining:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    1) registrations or provisions, however named, authorizing, granting, or enabling the conduct of entrepreneurial activities;<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    2) access to grants, financing, or subsidized loans, or other similar disbursements, however named, granted or provided by the State, other public bodies, or the European Union for the conduct of entrepreneurial activities.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    In the same cases as those referred to in the first paragraph, the judge, if the offense is particularly serious or in the event of a specific repeat offense, may order the temporary closure, for one to twelve months, of the establishment or business in which the offense was committed. If both conditions referred to in the first sentence are met, the judge may order the revocation of authorizations, licenses, or similar administrative measures permitting the operation of the activity, as well as the permanent closure of the establishment or business in which the offense was committed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    In the event of a conviction for the offense referred to in Article 517-quater, the additional penalties indicated in the first paragraph of this Article shall apply if one of the aggravating circumstances set forth in Article 517-octies is deemed to exist.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    The law therefore provides for particularly severe additional penalties, aimed primarily at neutralizing the infiltration of simple criminal organizations or even mafia-type organizations into the production and distribution of food products in the unlawful forms described in the newly introduced Articles 517-sexies and 517-septies, as well as in cases of violation of the pre-existing Article 517-quater (concerning crimes committed against the production of PDO and PGI foods).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Of particular significance and severity is the reference to the additional penalty of “disqualification” from the production or commercial activity in which one of the two crimes in question was committed, a disqualification that may last up to five years.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Conclusions<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

    We are therefore facing a profound and complex reform of the legislative framework of the old Criminal Code aimed at more severe and effective action against agri-food crimes. Frankly, however, there are many critical issues in the alignment between the old and new criminal frameworks requiring sanctions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    It is therefore easy to foresee an initial period of arduous preparation for all those involved in the sector – both judicial and legal – to properly understand the relationship between the old and new legal institutions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    This preparation, in our humble but firm belief, now makes the specialization of those involved in the sector <\/strong>indispensable and urgent, starting with the creation of specialized sections <\/strong>in all courts.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

    What the “Lollobrigida Reform” entails: from the abolition of the crime of “Sale of non-genuine foodstuffs” to its replacement with the crime of “Food Fraud,” to the new crime of “Trading in foodstuffs with false markings” <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3836,"featured_media":237616,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[20565,20576,20564],"tags":[21877,20737,21049],"tipologia":[],"coauthors":[21645],"class_list":["post-237615","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-analysis-comments","category-food-safety","category-legislation","tag-false-signs","tag-food-crimes","tag-food-fraud"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nFood crimes: amendments to the criminal code - Alimentibevande.it<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"From the abolition of the crime of "Selling non-genuine foodstuffs" to the new crime of 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