{"id":233668,"date":"2026-02-09T10:51:15","date_gmt":"2026-02-09T09:51:15","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.alimentibevande.it\/sponsored-contents\/normativa-la-controversa-vita-del-regio-decreto-legge-2033-1925\/"},"modified":"2026-02-16T12:25:56","modified_gmt":"2026-02-16T11:25:56","slug":"legislation-the-controversial-life-of-royal-decree-law-2033-1925","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.alimentibevande.it\/en\/legislation\/legislation-the-controversial-life-of-royal-decree-law-2033-1925\/","title":{"rendered":"Legislation, the \u2018controversial life\u2019 of Royal Decree Law 2033\/1925"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.normattiva.it\/uri-res\/N2Ls?urn:nir:stato:regio.decreto:1925-10-15;2033\">Royal Decree Law No. 2033 of 15 October 1925<\/a> was initially a \u201cframework law\u201d for combating \u201cagricultural fraud\u201d, i.e. agri-food crimes. One hundred years later, however, we can safely say that it is now undergoing the therapeutic\/legal agony of \u201cend-of-life never\u201d!<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image alignright size-full is-resized\"><a href=\"https:\/\/static.tecnichenuove.it\/alimentibevande\/2025\/11\/legge.gif\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"256\" height=\"166\" src=\"https:\/\/static.tecnichenuove.it\/alimentibevande\/2025\/11\/legge.gif\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-228391\" style=\"width:349px;height:auto\"\/><\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>This legislation is still used on a daily basis by the Central Inspectorate for Quality Protection and Fraud Prevention (ICQRF), the supervisory body of the Ministry of Agriculture, Food Sovereignty and Forestry, to investigate offences that, in our humble opinion, have been expressly repealed since at least 1999 (see Legislative Decree 507\/1999) as they have been downgraded to administrative offences.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Nevertheless, the results of the laboratory tests carried out during these administrative checks are sent to the Public Prosecutor&#8217;s Office and entered in the General Register, before further administrative laboratory tests are carried out under the direction of the Public Prosecutor. All this with no regard for the \u201cdefence guarantees\u201d referred to in Articles 24 and 111 of the Constitution of the Italian Republic.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Of course, some will argue that a royal decree-law of 1925 could not have been concerned with a Constitution that would not come into force until 1948! So what? So <strong>perhaps the time has come to retire it <\/strong>or, to put it more bluntly, to certify the \u201clegal death\u201d <strong>of that royal decree in 2026 with a nice \u201cexpress repeal\u201d<\/strong>, or not? Not to mention that for some matters governed by that monarchical decree, the republican legislature has introduced new regulations that are incompatible with those of Royal Decree Law 2033\/1925, which thus results \u2013 in our humble opinion \u2013 in its \u201ctacit repeal\u201d. In other cases, <strong>it was the EU legislator who regulated the same matter, resulting in the \u201cdisapplication\u201d of those old national rules<\/strong>, which are therefore hierarchically inferior. And so, at this point, in the year of Grace (and Justice?) 2026, we too will attempt to reveal to the patient reader the \u201ccontroversial life\u201d of a piece of legislation that currently survives beyond its own time.<br><br><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-medium-font-size\"><strong>The \u2018repeals\u2019 and \u2018disapplications\u2019 of an old royal decree-law<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Whether it be \u2018disapplication\u2019 or \u2018tacit repeal\u2019, in reality, Royal Decree Law 2033\/1925 \u2013 in our opinion \u2013 has been rendered completely ineffective in the <strong>current regulations on food product control <\/strong>and on the <strong>quality verification of fertilisers and agricultural fertilisers<\/strong>. In fact, we believe that there can be no uncertainty in cases of \u2018express repeal\u2019 of those 1925 regulations by other, much more recent national regulations, which often implement EU directives: such is the case, for example, of the \u201cexpress repeal\u201d of Articles 1, 2, 3 and 4 by Law 748\/1984, which implements EU directives on \u201cfertilisers\u201d. The same applies to the express repeal of Articles 8, 9 and 10 by Law 281\/1963 on the production and marketing of \u201cfeed\u201d, a framework law which was in turn reformulated and supplemented by Community regulations introduced mainly after the enactment of <a href=\"https:\/\/eur-lex.europa.eu\/eli\/reg\/2002\/178\/oj\/eng\">Regulation (EC) 178\/2002<\/a>, itself a framework regulation for food safety.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The following have also been expressly repealed:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Articles 22 and 23 (partially), by Legislative Decree 109\/1992, implementing EU directives on oil labelling;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Articles 26 and 27, governing the production of \u201cbutter\u201d, by Law 1526\/1956;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Articles 28, 29 and 30, by Law 1316\/1951, concerning the production and trade of \u201cmargarine\u201d and \u201chydrogenated edible fats\u201d;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Article 31 concerning the use of the name \u201clard\u201d, a provision that was repealed by Presidential Decree 502\/1998, i.e. by a decree otherwise devoted solely to \u201cbread\u201d.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-medium-font-size\"><br><br><strong>The \u2018tacit repeals\u2019<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Even more complex and delicate, of course, is the issue of the \u201ctacit repeal\u201d of certain provisions of the royal decree in question, repeals which for many decades \u2013 in practice since 1962, the year in which Law 283\/1962 came into force, the Framework Law on food health and hygiene \u2013 have deactivated various provisions of that royal decree-law, namely all those provisions that prohibited and penalised the adulteration of specific food products (see, for example, \u201colive oil\u201d referred to in Articles 20, 21, 23, 24 and 25).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In fact, Law 283\/1962, although explicitly aimed at protecting food safety, also regulates (see, in particular, the provision of Article 5, letter a) <strong>the \u201cproduct quality\u201d aspects of food products<\/strong>, given the close connection, if not coincidence, between the two aspects (product quality and health). In fact, the commercial quality of a food product often, if not always, also has a health value or an impact on consumer health.<br><br><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-medium-font-size\"><strong>The \u2018disapplication\u2019 of EU regulations<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The EU legislation \u2013 which overlaps and therefore automatically \u2018disapplies\u2019 (i.e. produces its \u2018tacit repeal\u2019) the provisions contained in Royal Decree Law 2033\/1925 for specific categories of agricultural products \u2013 can be found, first and foremost, in <a href=\"https:\/\/eur-lex.europa.eu\/eli\/reg\/2013\/1308\/oj\/eng\">Regulation (EU) 1308\/2013<\/a> of 1 December 2013. This regulation is relevant for:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>the \u2018<strong>wines<\/strong>\u2019 referred to in Chapter II of the Royal Decree Law in question, Articles 13, 14, 15, 16 and 17, whose provisions shall be deemed to be replaced by:<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>&#8211; the \u2018definitions\u2019 referred to in Annex I, Part XIII, of Regulation (EU) No 1308\/2013 and the<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>&#8211; the \u201cdefinitions\u201d referred to in Annex II, Part IV, of the aforementioned Regulation (EU) No 1308\/2013;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>the \u201c<strong>oils<\/strong>\u201d referred to in Chapter IV of the Royal Decree under consideration, Articles 20, 21, 23, 24 and 25, which are to be considered replaced by:<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>&#8211; Annex I, Part VII, and Annex VII, Part VIII, of Regulation (EU) No 1308\/2013 for the definitions of \u201colive oil and table olives\u201d, and <a href=\"https:\/\/eur-lex.europa.eu\/eli\/reg_del\/2022\/2104\/oj\/eng\">Regulation (EU) No 2022\/2104<\/a> for the rules on the marketing of \u201colive oil\u201d;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>the \u201c<strong>cheeses<\/strong>\u201d referred to in Chapter VI of the Royal Decree-Law in question must therefore be considered as not applicable by Annex VII, Part III, point 2 of Regulation (EU) No 1308\/2013:<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>&#8211; Article 32 (in part);<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>&#8211; Articles 35 and 36 relating to the category of so-called \u201cmargarine cheese\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Furthermore, <a href=\"https:\/\/eur-lex.europa.eu\/LexUriServ\/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2011:304:0018:0063:en:PDF\">Regulation (EU) No 1169\/2011<\/a>, the general regulation on the <strong>labelling and presentation of foodstuffs<\/strong>, has disapplied the article of Royal Decree-Law No 2033\/1925 concerning labelling requirements.<br>Article 34, on the other hand, must be considered tacitly repealed by the Framework Law on <strong>Food Safety<\/strong>, i.e. Law 283\/1962, Article 5.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><br><br><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color has-medium-font-size wp-elements-5e7a59cf6d6443b48782d705246b9649\"><strong>The \u2018ugly mess\u2019 of analysis procedures<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>A separate and, if possible, even more complicated (if not convoluted) discussion is warranted for the articles that Royal Decree Law 2033\/1925 dedicates to <strong>analytical laboratory tests<\/strong> on samples of agri-food products, namely Articles 41 to 45.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In a nutshell, we note that these articles regulate the following process:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>obligation for food companies to provide samples of agricultural products covered by Royal Decree Law 2033\/1925 (Articles 41 and 42) free of charge to personnel designated for \u201cofficial control\u201d (ICQRF inspectors);<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>immediate reporting to the judicial authorities of cases of \u201cnon-compliance\u201d with current regulations of the substances analysed (Article 44);<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>the right of the food company to challenge an unfavourable analytical result by submitting a specific \u201crequest for review of the analysis\u201d within 15 days of notification of the unfavourable report, accompanied by proof of payment of a \u201creview fee\u201d (the amount of which has been periodically updated) (Article 44);<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>&#8216;review analysis&#8217;, for which, however, the aforementioned Article 44 did not provide for the participation of a defence lawyer, this right of defence was only introduced by judgment no. 149 of 3 December 1969, in which the Constitutional Court declared Article 44 to be unlawful insofar as it did not provide for the right (for the applicant for review of analysis) to appoint a defence counsel.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>However, there remains the defensive vulnerability represented by the <strong>failure to provide for the appointment of a \u201ccourt-appointed defence counsel\u201d<\/strong> where the applicant for the review has not appointed a &#8216;defence counsel of choice&#8217; because \u2013 let us be clear \u2013 <strong>if the review analyses can\/must have probative value in court, then the \u201cdefence guarantees\u201d cannot be ignored when they are carried out<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>However, the \u201canalysis review\u201d procedure should now be considered governed (based on the express derogation provided for in Article 18 of Legislative Decree 27\/2021) by the provisions of Presidential Decree 327\/1980, as it refers to the assessment of violations of the quality of food products pursuant to Articles 5, letter a), and 6 of Law 283\/1962.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>However, this solution still faces a serious interpretative obstacle due to the repeal (by Article 18 of Legislative Decree 27\/2021) of Article 1 of Law 283\/1962, i.e. the repeal of the provision that provided for the \u201creview analysis\u201d procedure for all violations of Law 283\/1962, including those concerning Article 5(a), i.e. violations relating to goods.<br><br><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-medium-font-size\"><strong>Current inconsistencies<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>At this point, given the current practice followed by the ICQRF, which continues to operate in accordance with Royal Decree Law 2033\/1925, a series of questions arise:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>That is to say, <strong>why, in 2026, is the (unfavourable) outcome of the initial analysis still being communicated to the Public Prosecutor for the violation of these old regulations<\/strong>, which are at the very least and certainly \u201c<strong>decriminalised<\/strong>\u201d (see Legislative Decree 507\/1999), if not <strong>repealed <\/strong>and\/or in any case to be considered \u201c<strong>disapplied<\/strong>\u201d?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>And if, on the other hand, there are still grounds for suspicion of a crime,<strong> why does the Public Prosecutor not proceed with \u201clegally guaranteed\u201d analyses <\/strong>(such as those of \u201curgent technical investigation\u201d, pursuant to Article 360 of the Code of Criminal Procedure), as the Court of Cassation has repeatedly reminded him for many years in numerous rulings?<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>However, even today, the Public Prosecutor&#8217;s Office continues to order second administrative analyses (known as \u201creview analyses\u201d) in accordance with Royal Decree Law 2033\/1925: thus ordering analyses which, in addition to not enjoying the same \u201cdefence guarantees\u201d provided for by the Code of Criminal Procedure for the equivalent investigative act under Article 360, are also \u201cburdensome\u201d for food operators, as they are subject to the so-called \u201creview tax\u201d, in practice a real tax on the \u201cright to defence\u201d. At this point, we would venture to question the constitutionality of this tax.<br><br><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-medium-font-size\"><strong>A final thought<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Well, faced with this regulatory framework, which some \u2013 perhaps brutally, but frankly \u2013 now refer to as a \u201clegal Tower of Babel\u201d, and in which measures from all periods and even from specific and different food sectors are mixed together (think, for example, of the aforementioned Article 31 on &#8216;lard&#8217; , the repeal of which was, however, provided for in legislation specifically dedicated to \u201cbread\u201d), the best, if not the only, solution at this point would be, in our opinion, <strong>the express repeal of the entire <\/strong>(or what remains of) <strong>outdated royal decree-law<\/strong> in question, in order to remove once and for all any misunderstanding and ambiguity regarding \u201cproduct definitions\u201d, \u201ccontrols and related procedures\u201d for laboratory analysis, and \u201cpenalties\u201d.<br><br><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><em style=\"font-weight: bold;\">Learn more about this topic with the book <\/em>&#8220;<em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.tecnichenuove.com\/libri\/l-evoluzione-storica-della-legislazione-alimentare-italiana-1925-2025\">The historical evolution of Italian food legislation 1925\/2025<\/a>&#8220;, edited by Carlo Correra and recently published by Tecniche Nuove.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>The oldest food law is at the mercy of the Italian Legislator&#8217;s repeals and the EU&#8217;s non-applications<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3836,"featured_media":233669,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[20565,20564,20735],"tags":[20737,20677,20656,20736],"tipologia":[],"coauthors":[20589],"class_list":["post-233668","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-analysis-comments","category-legislation","category-legislation-2","tag-food-crimes","tag-legislation","tag-normativa","tag-reati-alimentari"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.2 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Legislation, the \u2018controversial life\u2019 of Royal Decree Law 2033\/1925 - Alimentibevande.it<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"The oldest food law is at the mercy of the Italian Legislator&#039;s repeals and the EU&#039;s non-applications\" 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